模块

from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
InteractiveShell.ast_node_interactivity = "all"

操作系统 os

import os
os.getcwd()

'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练'

文件通配符 glob

glob模块用来查找文件目录和文件，并将搜索的到的结果返回到一个列表中.

通配符

*代表0个或多个字符
?代表一个字符

[]匹配指定范围内的字符，如[0-9]匹配数字

  glob.glob(pathname,*,recursive=False) #返回该path下所有满足条件的文件path的列表，以点号.开始的文件不会被匹配
  #如果recursive为真，则模式“ **”将匹配任何文件和零个或多个目录、子目录和目录的符号链接
  glob.iglob(path)#返回该path下所有满足条件的文件path的迭代器
  glob.escape(path)#不会解释特殊字符（通配符），返回一个用中括号将特殊字符括起来的路径，这样特殊字符就不再特殊了。

## 创建文件夹
if not os.path.exists('glob'):
    os.makedirs('glob')
## 创建文件
for i in range(5):
    with open('./glob/t'+str(i)+'.txt','w') as f:
        f.write('这是第{}个txt文本'.format(i))    
    with open('./glob/python'+str(i)+'.py','wb') as p:
        p.write(b'hello,world')
    with open('./glob/图片'+str(i)+'.jpg','wb') as j:
        j.write(b'jpg')
    with open('./glob/特殊[字符'+str(i)+'.txt','w') as t:
        t.write('文件名含特殊字符如何查找')

import glob
glob.glob(os.getcwd()+'\\glob\\*.py')

['C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python0.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python1.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python2.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python3.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python4.py']

glob.glob(os.getcwd()+'\\glob\\.*')#点号开头的文件不会被匹配

[]

glob.glob(os.getcwd()+'\\**\\*',recursive=False)

['C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python0.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python1.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python2.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python3.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python4.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\t0.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\t1.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\t2.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\t3.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\t4.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\图片0.jpg',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\图片1.jpg',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\图片2.jpg',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\图片3.jpg',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\图片4.jpg',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[字符0.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[字符1.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[字符2.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[字符3.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[字符4.txt']

glob.glob(os.getcwd()+'\\**\\*',recursive=True)

['C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\关键字.ipynb',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\内置函数.ipynb',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\内置模块.ipynb',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\函数.ipynb',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\字符串.ipynb',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\常用模块.ipynb',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\序列.ipynb',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\文件.ipynb',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\面向对象.ipynb',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python0.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python1.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python2.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python3.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python4.py',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\t0.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\t1.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\t2.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\t3.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\t4.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\图片0.jpg',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\图片1.jpg',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\图片2.jpg',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\图片3.jpg',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\图片4.jpg',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[字符0.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[字符1.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[字符2.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[字符3.txt',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[字符4.txt']

##生成器
a=glob.iglob(os.getcwd()+'\\glob\\*.py')
next(a)
next(a)

'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python0.py'

'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\python1.py'

##跳过通配符
glob.escape(os.getcwd()+'\\glob\\*.py')
glob.escape(os.getcwd()+'\\glob\\特殊[字符0.txt')

'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\[*].py'

'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练\\glob\\特殊[[]字符0.txt'

命令行参数以及错误输出重定向和程序终止 sys

“sys”即“system”，“系统”之意。该模块提供了一些接口，用于访问 Python 解释器自身使用和维护的变量，同时模块中还提供了一部分函数，可以与解释器进行比较深度的交互。

import sys

sys.argv

可以获取在命令行运行的脚本名称，如python.py。以及后面跟着输入的变量，组成一个列表。这样我们在命令行运行脚本的时候，将更加灵活，可以交互式的输入变量。

比如现在有一个脚本add.py

import sys
if __name__=="__main__":
    name_of_jiaoben,arg1,arg2=sys.argv
    print(arg1+arg2)

然后我们在命令行输入:

$python add.py 1,2

sys.argv将会得到 [add.py,1,1],然后输出结果

sys.platform

##查看系统
sys.platform

'win32'

sys.executable

该属性是一个字符串，在正常情况下，其值是当前运行的 Python 解释器对应的可执行程序所在的绝对路径。

sys.executable

'D:\\Anaconda\\python.exe'

sys.modules

该属性是一个字典，包含的是各种已加载的模块的模块名到模块具体位置的映射。

通过手动修改这个字典，可以重新加载某些模块；但要注意，切记不要大意删除了一些基本的项，否则可能会导致 Python 整个儿无法运行。

If you want to iterate over this global dictionary always use sys.modules.copy() or tuple(sys.modules) to avoid exceptions as its size may change during iteration as a side effect of code or activity in other threads.

sys.modules

{'sys': <module 'sys' (built-in)>,
 'builtins': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>,
 '_frozen_importlib': <module 'importlib._bootstrap' (frozen)>,
 '_imp': <module '_imp' (built-in)>,
 '_thread': <module '_thread' (built-in)>,
 '_warnings': <module '_warnings' (built-in)>,
 '_weakref': <module '_weakref' (built-in)>,
 'zipimport': <module 'zipimport' (built-in)>,
 '_frozen_importlib_external': <module 'importlib._bootstrap_external' (frozen)>,
 '_io': <module 'io' (built-in)>,
 'marshal': <module 'marshal' (built-in)>,
 'nt': <module 'nt' (built-in)>,
 'winreg': <module 'winreg' (built-in)>,
 'encodings': <module 'encodings' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\encodings\\__init__.py'>,
 'codecs': <module 'codecs' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\codecs.py'>,
 '_codecs': <module '_codecs' (built-in)>,
 'encodings.aliases': <module 'encodings.aliases' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\encodings\\aliases.py'>,
 'encodings.utf_8': <module 'encodings.utf_8' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\encodings\\utf_8.py'>,
 '_signal': <module '_signal' (built-in)>,
 '__main__': <module '__main__'>,
 'encodings.latin_1': <module 'encodings.latin_1' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\encodings\\latin_1.py'>,
 'io': <module 'io' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\io.py'>,
 'abc': <module 'abc' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\abc.py'>,
 '_abc': <module '_abc' (built-in)>,
 '_bootlocale': <module '_bootlocale' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\_bootlocale.py'>,
 '_locale': <module '_locale' (built-in)>,
 'encodings.gbk': <module 'encodings.gbk' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\encodings\\gbk.py'>,
 '_codecs_cn': <module '_codecs_cn' (built-in)>,
 '_multibytecodec': <module '_multibytecodec' (built-in)>,
 'site': <module 'site' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site.py'>,
 'os': <module 'os' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\os.py'>,
 'stat': <module 'stat' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\stat.py'>,
 '_stat': <module '_stat' (built-in)>,
 'ntpath': <module 'ntpath' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\ntpath.py'>,
 'genericpath': <module 'genericpath' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\genericpath.py'>,
 'os.path': <module 'ntpath' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\ntpath.py'>,
 '_collections_abc': <module '_collections_abc' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\_collections_abc.py'>,
 '_sitebuiltins': <module '_sitebuiltins' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\_sitebuiltins.py'>,
 'types': <module 'types' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\types.py'>,
 'importlib': <module 'importlib' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\importlib\\__init__.py'>,
 'importlib._bootstrap': <module 'importlib._bootstrap' (frozen)>,
 'importlib._bootstrap_external': <module 'importlib._bootstrap_external' (frozen)>,
 'warnings': <module 'warnings' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\warnings.py'>,
 'importlib.util': <module 'importlib.util' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\importlib\\util.py'>,
 'importlib.abc': <module 'importlib.abc' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\importlib\\abc.py'>,
 'importlib.machinery': <module 'importlib.machinery' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\importlib\\machinery.py'>,
 'contextlib': <module 'contextlib' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\contextlib.py'>,
 'collections': <module 'collections' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\collections\\__init__.py'>,
 'operator': <module 'operator' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\operator.py'>,
 '_operator': <module '_operator' (built-in)>,
 'keyword': <module 'keyword' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\keyword.py'>,
 'heapq': <module 'heapq' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\heapq.py'>,
 '_heapq': <module '_heapq' (built-in)>,
 'itertools': <module 'itertools' (built-in)>,
 'reprlib': <module 'reprlib' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\reprlib.py'>,
 '_collections': <module '_collections' (built-in)>,
 'functools': <module 'functools' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\functools.py'>,
 '_functools': <module '_functools' (built-in)>,
 'mpl_toolkits': <module 'mpl_toolkits' (namespace)>,
 'sphinxcontrib': <module 'sphinxcontrib' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\sphinxcontrib\\__init__.py'>,
 'zope': <module 'zope' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\zope\\__init__.py'>,
 'runpy': <module 'runpy' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\runpy.py'>,
 'pkgutil': <module 'pkgutil' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\pkgutil.py'>,
 'weakref': <module 'weakref' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\weakref.py'>,
 '_weakrefset': <module '_weakrefset' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\_weakrefset.py'>,
 'ipykernel': <module 'ipykernel' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\__init__.py'>,
 'ipykernel._version': <module 'ipykernel._version' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\_version.py'>,
 'ipykernel.connect': <module 'ipykernel.connect' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\connect.py'>,
 '__future__': <module '__future__' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\__future__.py'>,
 'json': <module 'json' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\json\\__init__.py'>,
 'json.decoder': <module 'json.decoder' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\json\\decoder.py'>,
 're': <module 're' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\re.py'>,
 'enum': <module 'enum' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\enum.py'>,
 'sre_compile': <module 'sre_compile' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\sre_compile.py'>,
 '_sre': <module '_sre' (built-in)>,
 'sre_parse': <module 'sre_parse' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\sre_parse.py'>,
 'sre_constants': <module 'sre_constants' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\sre_constants.py'>,
 'copyreg': <module 'copyreg' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\copyreg.py'>,
 'json.scanner': <module 'json.scanner' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\json\\scanner.py'>,
 '_json': <module '_json' (built-in)>,
 'json.encoder': <module 'json.encoder' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\json\\encoder.py'>,
 'subprocess': <module 'subprocess' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\subprocess.py'>,
 'time': <module 'time' (built-in)>,
 'signal': <module 'signal' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\signal.py'>,
 'errno': <module 'errno' (built-in)>,
 'threading': <module 'threading' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\threading.py'>,
 'traceback': <module 'traceback' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\traceback.py'>,
 'linecache': <module 'linecache' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\linecache.py'>,
 'tokenize': <module 'tokenize' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\tokenize.py'>,
 'token': <module 'token' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\token.py'>,
 'msvcrt': <module 'msvcrt' (built-in)>,
 '_winapi': <module '_winapi' (built-in)>,
 'IPython': <module 'IPython' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.core': <module 'IPython.core' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\core\\__init__.py'>,
 'IPython.core.getipython': <module 'IPython.core.getipython' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\core\\getipython.py'>,
 'IPython.core.release': <module 'IPython.core.release' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\core\\release.py'>,
 'IPython.core.application': <module 'IPython.core.application' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\core\\application.py'>,
 'atexit': <module 'atexit' (built-in)>,
 'copy': <module 'copy' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\copy.py'>,
 'glob': <module 'glob' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\glob.py'>,
 'fnmatch': <module 'fnmatch' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\fnmatch.py'>,
 'posixpath': <module 'posixpath' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\posixpath.py'>,
 'logging': <module 'logging' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\logging\\__init__.py'>,
 'collections.abc': <module 'collections.abc' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\collections\\abc.py'>,
 'string': <module 'string' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\string.py'>,
 '_string': <module '_string' (built-in)>,
 'shutil': <module 'shutil' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\shutil.py'>,
 'zlib': <module 'zlib' (built-in)>,
 'bz2': <module 'bz2' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\bz2.py'>,
 '_compression': <module '_compression' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\_compression.py'>,
 '_bz2': <module '_bz2' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\DLLs\\_bz2.pyd'>,
 'lzma': <module 'lzma' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\lzma.py'>,
 '_lzma': <module '_lzma' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\DLLs\\_lzma.pyd'>,
 'traitlets': <module 'traitlets' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\__init__.py'>,
 'traitlets.traitlets': <module 'traitlets.traitlets' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\traitlets.py'>,
 'inspect': <module 'inspect' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\inspect.py'>,
 'dis': <module 'dis' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\dis.py'>,
 'opcode': <module 'opcode' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\opcode.py'>,
 '_opcode': <module '_opcode' (built-in)>,
 'six': <module 'six' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\six.py'>,
 'struct': <module 'struct' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\struct.py'>,
 '_struct': <module '_struct' (built-in)>,
 'traitlets.utils': <module 'traitlets.utils' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\utils\\__init__.py'>,
 'traitlets.utils.getargspec': <module 'traitlets.utils.getargspec' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\utils\\getargspec.py'>,
 'traitlets.utils.importstring': <module 'traitlets.utils.importstring' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\utils\\importstring.py'>,
 'ipython_genutils': <module 'ipython_genutils' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipython_genutils\\__init__.py'>,
 'ipython_genutils._version': <module 'ipython_genutils._version' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipython_genutils\\_version.py'>,
 'ipython_genutils.py3compat': <module 'ipython_genutils.py3compat' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipython_genutils\\py3compat.py'>,
 'ipython_genutils.encoding': <module 'ipython_genutils.encoding' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipython_genutils\\encoding.py'>,
 'locale': <module 'locale' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\locale.py'>,
 'platform': <module 'platform' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\platform.py'>,
 'traitlets.utils.sentinel': <module 'traitlets.utils.sentinel' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\utils\\sentinel.py'>,
 'traitlets.utils.bunch': <module 'traitlets.utils.bunch' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\utils\\bunch.py'>,
 'traitlets._version': <module 'traitlets._version' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\_version.py'>,
 'traitlets.config': <module 'traitlets.config' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\config\\__init__.py'>,
 'traitlets.config.application': <module 'traitlets.config.application' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\config\\application.py'>,
 'decorator': <module 'decorator' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\decorator.py'>,
 'traitlets.config.configurable': <module 'traitlets.config.configurable' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\config\\configurable.py'>,
 'traitlets.config.loader': <module 'traitlets.config.loader' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\traitlets\\config\\loader.py'>,
 'argparse': <module 'argparse' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\argparse.py'>,
 'gettext': <module 'gettext' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\gettext.py'>,
 'ast': <module 'ast' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\ast.py'>,
 '_ast': <module '_ast' (built-in)>,
 'ipython_genutils.path': <module 'ipython_genutils.path' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipython_genutils\\path.py'>,
 'random': <module 'random' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\random.py'>,
 'math': <module 'math' (built-in)>,
 'hashlib': <module 'hashlib' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\hashlib.py'>,
 '_hashlib': <module '_hashlib' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\DLLs\\_hashlib.pyd'>,
 '_blake2': <module '_blake2' (built-in)>,
 '_sha3': <module '_sha3' (built-in)>,
 'bisect': <module 'bisect' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\bisect.py'>,
 '_bisect': <module '_bisect' (built-in)>,
 '_random': <module '_random' (built-in)>,
 'ipython_genutils.text': <module 'ipython_genutils.text' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipython_genutils\\text.py'>,
 'textwrap': <module 'textwrap' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\textwrap.py'>,
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 'colorama.ansi': <module 'colorama.ansi' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\colorama\\ansi.py'>,
 'colorama.winterm': <module 'colorama.winterm' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\colorama\\winterm.py'>,
 'colorama.win32': <module 'colorama.win32' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\colorama\\win32.py'>,
 'zmq.eventloop': <module 'zmq.eventloop' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\zmq\\eventloop\\__init__.py'>,
 'zmq.eventloop.ioloop': <module 'zmq.eventloop.ioloop' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\zmq\\eventloop\\ioloop.py'>,
 'tornado.platform': <module 'tornado.platform' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\tornado\\platform\\__init__.py'>,
 'tornado.platform.asyncio': <module 'tornado.platform.asyncio' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\tornado\\platform\\asyncio.py'>,
 'tornado.gen': <module 'tornado.gen' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\tornado\\gen.py'>,
 'zmq.eventloop.zmqstream': <module 'zmq.eventloop.zmqstream' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\zmq\\eventloop\\zmqstream.py'>,
 'ipykernel.iostream': <module 'ipykernel.iostream' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\iostream.py'>,
 'imp': <module 'imp' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\imp.py'>,
 'jupyter_client.session': <module 'jupyter_client.session' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\jupyter_client\\session.py'>,
 'hmac': <module 'hmac' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\hmac.py'>,
 'jupyter_client.jsonutil': <module 'jupyter_client.jsonutil' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\jupyter_client\\jsonutil.py'>,
 'dateutil': <module 'dateutil' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\__init__.py'>,
 'dateutil._version': <module 'dateutil._version' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\_version.py'>,
 'dateutil.parser': <module 'dateutil.parser' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\parser\\__init__.py'>,
 'dateutil.parser._parser': <module 'dateutil.parser._parser' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\parser\\_parser.py'>,
 'decimal': <module 'decimal' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\decimal.py'>,
 '_decimal': <module '_decimal' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\DLLs\\_decimal.pyd'>,
 'dateutil.relativedelta': <module 'dateutil.relativedelta' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\relativedelta.py'>,
 'dateutil._common': <module 'dateutil._common' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\_common.py'>,
 'dateutil.tz': <module 'dateutil.tz' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\tz\\__init__.py'>,
 'dateutil.tz.tz': <module 'dateutil.tz.tz' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\tz\\tz.py'>,
 'dateutil.tz._common': <module 'dateutil.tz._common' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\tz\\_common.py'>,
 'dateutil.tz._factories': <module 'dateutil.tz._factories' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\tz\\_factories.py'>,
 'dateutil.tz.win': <module 'dateutil.tz.win' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\tz\\win.py'>,
 'dateutil.parser.isoparser': <module 'dateutil.parser.isoparser' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\dateutil\\parser\\isoparser.py'>,
 '_strptime': <module '_strptime' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\_strptime.py'>,
 'jupyter_client.adapter': <module 'jupyter_client.adapter' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\jupyter_client\\adapter.py'>,
 'ipykernel.heartbeat': <module 'ipykernel.heartbeat' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\heartbeat.py'>,
 'ipykernel.ipkernel': <module 'ipykernel.ipkernel' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\ipkernel.py'>,
 'IPython.utils.tokenutil': <module 'IPython.utils.tokenutil' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\utils\\tokenutil.py'>,
 'ipykernel.comm': <module 'ipykernel.comm' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\comm\\__init__.py'>,
 'ipykernel.comm.manager': <module 'ipykernel.comm.manager' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\comm\\manager.py'>,
 'ipykernel.comm.comm': <module 'ipykernel.comm.comm' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\comm\\comm.py'>,
 'ipykernel.kernelbase': <module 'ipykernel.kernelbase' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\kernelbase.py'>,
 'tornado.queues': <module 'tornado.queues' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\tornado\\queues.py'>,
 'tornado.locks': <module 'tornado.locks' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\tornado\\locks.py'>,
 'ipykernel.jsonutil': <module 'ipykernel.jsonutil' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\jsonutil.py'>,
 'ipykernel.zmqshell': <module 'ipykernel.zmqshell' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\zmqshell.py'>,
 'IPython.core.payloadpage': <module 'IPython.core.payloadpage' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\core\\payloadpage.py'>,
 'ipykernel.displayhook': <module 'ipykernel.displayhook' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\displayhook.py'>,
 'ipykernel.parentpoller': <module 'ipykernel.parentpoller' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\parentpoller.py'>,
 'win32api': <module 'win32api' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\win32\\win32api.pyd'>,
 'win32security': <module 'win32security' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\win32\\win32security.pyd'>,
 'ntsecuritycon': <module 'ntsecuritycon' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\win32\\lib\\ntsecuritycon.py'>,
 'faulthandler': <module 'faulthandler' (built-in)>,
 'ipykernel.datapub': <module 'ipykernel.datapub' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\datapub.py'>,
 'ipykernel.serialize': <module 'ipykernel.serialize' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\serialize.py'>,
 'ipykernel.pickleutil': <module 'ipykernel.pickleutil' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\pickleutil.py'>,
 'ipykernel.codeutil': <module 'ipykernel.codeutil' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipykernel\\codeutil.py'>,
 'IPython.core.completerlib': <module 'IPython.core.completerlib' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\core\\completerlib.py'>,
 'storemagic': <module 'storemagic' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\extensions\\storemagic.py'>,
 'ipywidgets': <module 'ipywidgets' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\__init__.py'>,
 'ipywidgets._version': <module 'ipywidgets._version' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\_version.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\__init__.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.domwidget': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.domwidget' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\domwidget.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.trait_types': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.trait_types' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\trait_types.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.util': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.util' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\util.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_layout': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_layout' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_layout.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_style': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_style' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_style.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.valuewidget': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.valuewidget' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\valuewidget.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_core': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_core' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_core.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_bool': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_bool' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_bool.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_description': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_description' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_description.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_button': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_button' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_button.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_box': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_box' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_box.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.docutils': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.docutils' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\docutils.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_float': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_float' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_float.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_int': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_int' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_int.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_color': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_color' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_color.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_date': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_date' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_date.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_output': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_output' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_output.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_selection': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_selection' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_selection.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_selectioncontainer': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_selectioncontainer' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_selectioncontainer.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_string': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_string' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_string.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_controller': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_controller' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_controller.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.interaction': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.interaction' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\interaction.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_link': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_link' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_link.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_media': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_media' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_media.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_templates': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_templates' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_templates.py'>,
 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_upload': <module 'ipywidgets.widgets.widget_upload' from 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\ipywidgets\\widgets\\widget_upload.py'>}

sys.builtin_module_names

该属性是一个字符串元组，其中的元素均为当前所使用的的 Python 解释器内置的模块名称。

sys.builtin_module_names

('_abc',
 '_ast',
 '_bisect',
 '_blake2',
 '_codecs',
 '_codecs_cn',
 '_codecs_hk',
 '_codecs_iso2022',
 '_codecs_jp',
 '_codecs_kr',
 '_codecs_tw',
 '_collections',
 '_contextvars',
 '_csv',
 '_datetime',
 '_functools',
 '_heapq',
 '_imp',
 '_io',
 '_json',
 '_locale',
 '_lsprof',
 '_md5',
 '_multibytecodec',
 '_opcode',
 '_operator',
 '_pickle',
 '_random',
 '_sha1',
 '_sha256',
 '_sha3',
 '_sha512',
 '_signal',
 '_sre',
 '_stat',
 '_string',
 '_struct',
 '_symtable',
 '_thread',
 '_tracemalloc',
 '_warnings',
 '_weakref',
 '_winapi',
 'array',
 'atexit',
 'audioop',
 'binascii',
 'builtins',
 'cmath',
 'errno',
 'faulthandler',
 'gc',
 'itertools',
 'marshal',
 'math',
 'mmap',
 'msvcrt',
 'nt',
 'parser',
 'sys',
 'time',
 'winreg',
 'xxsubtype',
 'zipimport',
 'zlib')

sys.path

该属性是一个由字符串组成的列表，其中各个元素表示的是 Python 搜索模块的路径；在程序启动期间被初始化。

其中第一个元素（也就是path[0]）的值是最初调用 Python 解释器的脚本所在的绝对路径；如果是在交互式环境下查看sys.path的值，就会得到一个空字符串。

sys.path

['C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\Desktop\\python基础知识训练',
 'D:\\Anaconda\\python37.zip',
 'D:\\Anaconda\\DLLs',
 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib',
 'D:\\Anaconda',
 '',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\AppData\\Roaming\\Python\\Python37\\site-packages',
 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages',
 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\win32',
 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\win32\\lib',
 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\Pythonwin',
 'D:\\Anaconda\\lib\\site-packages\\IPython\\extensions',
 'C:\\Users\\WangChengLong\\.ipython']

sys.stdin,sys.stdout,sys.stderr

sys.stdin:标准输入，初始的标准输入为从键盘，可以将sys.stdin=赋值为某个类文件的对象，改为从该对象中输入
sys.stdout:标准输出，默认输出到屏幕上，将sys.stdout=赋值为某个file-like对象，输出到该对象中
sys.stderr:与前面两个属性类似，只不过该属性标识的是标准错误，通常也是定向到屏幕的，可以粗糙地认为是一个输出错误信息的特殊的标准输出流。

sys模块中还存在几个“私有”属性：sys.__stdin__，sys.__stdout__，sys.__stderr__。这几个属性中保存的就是最初定向的“标准输入”、“标准输出”和“标准错误”流。在适当的时侯，我们可以借助这三个属性将sys.stdin、sys.stdout和sys.err恢复为初始值。

sys.stdin=sys.__stdin__

##改变标准输入
##在shell中会改变，在交互式中不会
with open('glob/t1.txt','r+') as f:
    savedstdin,sys.stdin=sys.stdin,f
    input()
    sys.stdin=savedstdin

a

'a'

##改变标准输出
with open('glob/t0.txt','r+') as f:
    savedstdout,sys.stdout=sys.stdout,f#保留最初定向以及重定向
    print('this text is for file')
    sys.stdout=savedstdout
    print('读取文件内容:',f.readlines())
    print('this text is for screen')

读取文件内容: ['这是第0个txt文本\n', 'this text is for file\n', '\n']
this text is for screen

Python标准输出重定向

正则匹配 re

数学

math

import math

函数	用途
math.ceil(x)	返回大于或等于x的最小整数
math.copysign(x,y)	给x赋予y的符号（正负）
math.fabs(x)	x的绝对值
math.factorial(x)	x的阶乘
math.floor(x)	返回小于或等于x的最大整数
math.fmod(x,y)	首选于浮点数的求余数，在整数求余时是x%y
math.frexp(x)	将 x 的尾数和指数作为对 (m, e) 返回。 m 是一个浮点数，e 是一个整数，使得 x == m * 2**e 正好。如果 x 为零，则返回 (0.0, 0)，否则 0.5 <= abs(m) < 1。这用于以可移植的方式“挑选”浮点数的内部表示。
math.fsum(iterable)	用于浮点数求和，可以不丢失精度
math.gcd(a,b)	返回a和b的最大公因数
math.isclose(a,b, * ,rel_tol=1e-09,abs_tol=0.0)	判断两个函数是否足够相近，也即精度是否达到了。 rel_tol:是一个相对数，相对于a，b的值，精度为rel_tol * max(a,b) abs_tol:为绝对精度，与a，b的值无关。当`abs(a-b)<=max(rel_tol * max(a,b),abs_tol)`时，判断为正确. 空值NaN与任何值都不相似，无穷 inf and -inf 只与他们自己相似
math.isfinite(x)	当x不是infinite，NAN。或者False时返回True,0返回True
math.isinf(x)	当x是inf，或者-inf返回True
math.isnan(x)	当x是NaN时返回True
math.ldexp(x,i)	x * （2 ** i），frexp的逆函数
math.modf(x)	返回x的整数和小数部分，每个部分都有符号且是浮点数。
math.remainder(x,y)	x-n ** y,n是最接近y/x的整数，同样近选小的，所以余数可能是负数.
math.trunc(x)	去尾法返回整数
math.exp(x)	$e^x$
math.expm1(x)
math.log(x[base])	以base为底的对数,默认是e
math.log1p(x)
math.log2(x)	以2为底的对数
math.log10(x)	以10为底的对数
math.pow(x，y)	$x^y$
math.sqrt(x)	$\sqrt{x}$
math.acos(x)	$arccos(x)$
math.asin(x)	$arcsin(x)$
math.atan(x)	$arctan(x)$
math.atan2(y,x)
math.cos(x)	$cos(x)$
math.hypot(x,y)	$\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$,返回欧几里得范数 sqrt(xx + yy)。这是向量从原点到点 (x, y) 的长度。
math.sin(x)	$sin(x)$
math.tan(x)	$cos(x)$
math.degrees(x)	从弧度制转化为角度制
math.radians(x)	从角度制转化为弧度制
math.acosh(x)
math.asinh(x)
math.atanh(x)
math.cosh(x)
math.sinh(x)
math.tanh(x)
math.erf(x)
math.erfc(x)
math.gamma(x)
math.lgamma(x)
math.pi	The mathematical constant π = 3.141592…, to available precision.
math.e	The mathematical constant e = 2.718281…, to available precision.
math.tau	数学常数 τ = 6.283185…，达到可用精度。 Tau 是一个圆常数，等于 2π，即圆的周长与其半径的比值。
math.inf	A floating-point positive infinity. (For negative infinity, use -math.inf.) Equivalent to the output of float(‘inf’).
math.nan	A floating-point “not a number” (NaN) value. Equivalent to the output of float(’nan’).

上下限 math.ceil,math.floor

s=5.31
math.ceil(s)#大于或等于s的最小整数
math.floor(s)#小于或等于s的最大整数

6

5

s=5
math.ceil(s)
math.floor(s)

5

5

组合和阶乘 math.comb math.factorial

math.comb(n,k) $C_n^k=\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$ 3.10版本才有
math.factorial(n) $n!$

n=4
k=2
def comb(n,k):
    '''n>k'''
    return math.factorial(n)/math.factorial(k)/math.factorial(n-k)
comb(4,2)
math.factorial(0)
## math.factorial(math.inf)非整数不行
## math.factorial(-1)负数不行

6.0

1

复制符号 math.copysign

math.copysign(3,-1)
math.copysign(0.0,-1)

-3.0

-0.0

math.fmod,math.fsum,math.fabs

math.fmod(3.5,0.6)
3.5%0.6
math.fmod(-1e-100,1e100)#正确
-1e-100%1e100#错误

0.5000000000000001

0.5000000000000001

-1e-100

1e+100

print('sum求和:{}'.format(sum([0.1]*10)))
print('fsum求和:{}'.format(math.fsum([.1]*10)))

sum求和:0.9999999999999999
fsum求和:1.0

math.fabs(-3.14)
math.fabs(-3)
abs(-3.15)
abs(-3)

最大公约数,math.gcd

math.gcd(10,5)
##有单个0值的时候返回非零整数
math.gcd(4,0)
math.gcd(0,5)
##都为0返回0
math.gcd(0,0)

math.isclose,math.isfinite,math.isinf(x),math.isnan(x)

def jingdu(a,b,rel_tol,abs_tol):
    print('最大相对精度为{},绝对精度为{},abs(a-b)={},精度{}'.format(max([rel_tol*a,rel_tol*b]),abs_tol,math.fabs(a-b),'满足认为相近' if math.isclose(a,b,rel_tol=rel_tol,abs_tol=abs_tol) else '不满足认为不相近'))
jingdu(10,10.01,0.0001,0.001)
jingdu(10,10.01,0.0001,0.01)
jingdu(10,10.01,0.001,0.001)

最大相对精度为0.001001,绝对精度为0.001,abs(a-b)=0.009999999999999787,精度不满足认为不相近
最大相对精度为0.001001,绝对精度为0.01,abs(a-b)=0.009999999999999787,精度满足认为相近
最大相对精度为0.01001,绝对精度为0.001,abs(a-b)=0.009999999999999787,精度满足认为相近

math.isfinite(False)
math.isfinite(math.inf)
math.isfinite(math.nan)
math.isfinite(0)

True

False

False

True

math.isinf(math.inf)
math.isinf(False)

True

False

math.isnan(math.nan)
math.isnan(False)

True

False

分离整数和小数math.modf

math.modf(3.14)

(0.14000000000000012, 3.0)

求余数 math.remainder(x,y)

math.remainder(5,3)
math.remainder(3,5)
math.remainder(2,5)
math.remainder(10,math.inf)

-1.0

-2.0

2.0

10.0

去尾法求整 math.trunc

math.trunc(3.14)

exp,log,log2,log10,pow,sqrt

math.exp(3)
math.log(math.e)
math.log(2,2)
math.log2(math.e)
math.log10(10)
math.pow(2,3)
math.sqrt(16)

20.085536923187668

1.0

1.0

1.4426950408889634

1.0

8.0

4.0

random

取随机数

import random

.seed(),.getstate(),.setstate()

import random
random.seed(2)#设置随机数种子，相同的随机数种子下产生的随机数相同
random.getstate()#获取状态，返回一个捕获生成器当前内部状态的对象。可以传递给这个对象setstate()来恢复状态。
random.setstate(random.getstate())#状态应该从之前的调用中获得getstate()，并将 setstate()生成器的内部状态恢复到调用时的状态getstate()。

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random.seed(5)#后面都会以5作为random seed
random.getrandbits(5)#返回一个占了指定k位数的整数
set([random.getrandbits(2) for i in range(1000)])#可以看到占了2个位的整数有0,1,2,3

19

{0, 1, 2, 3}

生成随机整数 .randrange(),.randint()

random.randrange(0,10,2)#random.randrange(start,stop,step)，区别在于他可以限制步长

random.randint(0,10)#生成0到10之间的一个随机整数 a<=N<=b

生成随机序列 .random.choice(),random.choices(),random.shuffle(),random.sample()

random.choice(seq) 从一个非空序列中随机抽取一个数

random.choice(range(10))

random.choices(population,weights=None,*,cum_weights=None,k=1)
- 给定weights或cum_weights,不能同时给，最终都会转为cum_weight来进行计算，长度必须和population的长度相同，对应的各个值的概率。
- k决定了生成样本的个数
- 大样本下各个值的概率应该与给定的weights相符

print('weights为[5,4,3,2,1]')
print('概率为[5/15={},4/15={},3/15={},2/15={},1/15={}]'.format(*[round((i)/15,2) for i in range(5,0,-1)]))
random.seed(5)
r=random.choices(range(5),weights=list(range(5,0,-1)),k=10000)
print('各随机值的概率为{},{},{},{},{}'.format(*[(i,round(r.count(i)/10000,2)) for i in set(r)]))

weights为[5,4,3,2,1]
概率为[5/15=0.33,4/15=0.27,3/15=0.2,2/15=0.13,1/15=0.07]
各随机值的概率为(0, 0.33),(1, 0.26),(2, 0.2),(3, 0.13),(4, 0.07)

random.shuffle 打乱原序列顺序，不生成新序列
对于不可变序列，用sample(x, k=len(x))生成新顺序的序列

x=list(range(10))
print('原序列数据{}'.format(x))
random.shuffle(x)
print('打乱后的数据{}'.format(x))

原序列数据[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
打乱后的数据[0, 9, 2, 5, 3, 1, 6, 7, 8, 4]

random.sample(population,k) 从总体中随机抽出k个样本

random.sample(range(10000000), k=5)

[4300631, 3652645, 1013814, 3872536, 5408018]

生成符合随机分布的随机变量

函数	用法
random.random( )	返回[0.0, 1.0) 范围内的下一个随机浮点数。
random.uniform(a,b)	uniform(a,b),从均匀分布(a,b)内
random.triangular(低,高,模式)
random.betavariate(alpha,beta)	贝塔分布。参数的条件是alpha > 0beta > 0。返回值介于 0 和 1 之间。
random.expovariate(lambd)	指数分布。lambda是 1.0 除以所需的平均值。它应该是非零的。（该参数将被称为“拉姆达”，但是这是在Python保留字。）返回值的范围从0到正无穷大如果lambd为正，且从负无穷大到0，如果lambd为负。
random.gammavariate()	伽马分布。（不是伽马函数！）参数的条件是alpha > 0,beta > 0
random.gauss()	高斯分布。 mu是平均值，sigma是标准差。这比normalvariate()下面定义的函数稍快。
random.lognormvariate()	对数正态分布。如果您采用此分布的自然对数，您将得到一个具有均值mu和标准差sigma 的正态分布。 mu可以有任何值，并且sigma必须大于零。
random.normalvariate(mu,sigma)	正态分布。 mu是平均值，sigma是标准差。
random.vonmisesvariate(mu,kappa)	mu是平均角度，以 0 到 2* pi之间的弧度表示，kappa 是浓度参数，必须大于或等于 0。如果 kappa等于 0，则该分布在 0 到 2* pi范围内减少为均匀的随机角度。
random.paretovariate(alpha)	帕累托分布。 alpha是形状参数。
random.weibullvariate(alpha,beta)	威布尔分布。 alpha是尺度参数，beta是形状参数。

random.gauss(0,1)
[random.gauss(0,1) for i in range(10000)]

-1.4219556534094393

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Alternative Generator

class random.Random([seed]):实现模块使用的默认伪随机数生成器的类 random

class random.SystemRandom([seed]):使用从操作系统提供的源生成随机数的函数的类。并非在所有系统上都可用。不依赖软件状态，序列不可重现。相应地，该方法没有效果并且被忽略。如果被调用，和方法会引发。

访问互联网

处理从 urls 接收的数据的 urllib.request

日期和时间

datetime

import datetime

模块中包含的类

类名	实例对象与解释
datetime.date(year,month,day)	datetime.date(2021,11,26) 日期类，包含年月日信息
datetime.time([hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]])	datetime.time()，时间类，包含小时，分钟，秒，微秒，时区信息
datetime.datetime(year, month, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[,tzinfo]]]]])	既包含日期，也包含时间
datetime.timedelta()	timedelta类是用来计算二个datetime对象的差值的。
datetime.tzinfo()	时区信息对象

datetime.date

datetime.date(year,month,day)

属性和方法	介绍
.day,.month,.year	天，月，年
.isocalendar()	返回一个包含三个值的元组，三个值依次为：year年份，week number周数，weekday星期数（周一为1…周日为7)
.isoformat(…)	返回符合ISO 8601标准 (YYYY-MM-DD) 的日期字符串
.isoweekday(…)	返回符合ISO标准的指定日期所在的星期数（周一为1…周日为7)
.weekday(…)	与.isoweekday(…)相似的还有一个weekday(…)方法,返回的周一为 0, 周日为 6
.timetuple(…)	该方法为了兼容time.localtime(…)返回一个类型为time.struct_time的数组，但有关时间的部分元素值为0
.toordinal(…)	返回公元公历开始到现在的天数。公元1年1月1日为1
.replace(…)	返回一个替换指定日期字段的新date对象。参数3个可选参数，分别为year,month,day。注意替换是产生新对象，不影响原date对象。
.resolution	date对象表示日期的最小单位。这里是天。
.fromordinal(…)	将Gregorian日历时间转换为date对象；Gregorian Calendar ：一种日历表示方法，类似于我国的农历，西方国家使用比较多。
.fromtimestamp(…)	根据给定的时间戮，返回一个date对象
.today(…)	返回当前日期
.max	date类能表示的最大的年、月、日的数值
.min	date类能表示的最小的年、月、日的数值

import pandas as pd
def date_atr_and_met(year,month,day):
    import datetime
    date=datetime.date(year,month,day)
    atr=[i for i in dir(date) if i[0]!='_']
    l=[]
    for i in atr:
        try:
            a=eval('date.'+i+'()')
        except:
            try:
                a=eval('date.'+i)
            except:
                a="pass"
        l.append(['.'+i,a])
    return l
pd.DataFrame(date_atr_and_met(2021,11,26),columns=['方法或属性','实例'])

	方法或属性	实例
0	.ctime	Fri Nov 26 00:00:00 2021
1	.day	26
2	.fromisoformat	<built-in method fromisoformat of type object ...
3	.fromordinal	<built-in method fromordinal of type object at...
4	.fromtimestamp	<built-in method fromtimestamp of type object ...
5	.isocalendar	(2021, 47, 5)
6	.isoformat	2021-11-26
7	.isoweekday	5
8	.max	9999-12-31
9	.min	0001-01-01
10	.month	11
11	.replace	2021-11-26
12	.resolution	1 day, 0:00:00
13	.strftime	<built-in method strftime of datetime.date obj...
14	.timetuple	(2021, 11, 26, 0, 0, 0, 4, 330, -1)
15	.today	2021-11-26
16	.toordinal	738120
17	.weekday	4
18	.year	2021

datetime.time

datetime.time(\[hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]\])

def time_atr_and_met(hour,minute,second):
    import datetime
    time1=datetime.time(hour,minute,second)
    atr=[i for i in dir(time1) if i[0]!='_']
    l=[]
    for i in atr:
        try:
            a=eval('time1.'+i+'()')
        except:
            try:
                a=eval('time1.'+i)
            except:
                a="pass"
        l.append(['.'+i,a])
    return l
pd.DataFrame(time_atr_and_met(15,42,30),columns=['方法或属性','实例'])

	方法或属性	实例
0	.dst	None
1	.fold	0
2	.fromisoformat	<built-in method fromisoformat of type object ...
3	.hour	15
4	.isoformat	15:42:30
5	.max	23:59:59.999999
6	.microsecond	0
7	.min	00:00:00
8	.minute	42
9	.replace	15:42:30
10	.resolution	0:00:00.000001
11	.second	30
12	.strftime	<built-in method strftime of datetime.time obj...
13	.tzinfo	None
14	.tzname	None
15	.utcoffset	None

datetime.datetime

datetime(year, month, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[,tzinfo]]]]])

def datetime_atr_and_met(year,month,day,hour,minute,second):
    import datetime
    datetime1=datetime.datetime(year,month,day,hour,minute,second)
    atr=[i for i in dir(datetime1) if i[0]!='_']
    l=[]
    for i in atr:
        try:
            a=eval('datetime1.'+i+'()')
        except:
            try:
                a=eval('datetime1.'+i)
            except:
                a="pass"
        l.append(['.'+i,a])
    return l
dt=datetime_atr_and_met(2021,11,26,16,0,0) 
ndt=[i+j for i,j in zip(dt[20:39],dt[:19])]+[dt[19]+['']+['']]
pd.DataFrame(ndt,columns=['方法或属性','实例','方法或属性','实例'])

	方法或属性	实例	方法或属性	实例
0	.replace	2021-11-26 16:00:00	.astimezone	2021-11-26 16:00:00+08:00
1	.resolution	0:00:00.000001	.combine	<built-in method combine of type object at 0x0...
2	.second	0	.ctime	Fri Nov 26 16:00:00 2021
3	.strftime	<built-in method strftime of datetime.datetime...	.date	2021-11-26
4	.strptime	<built-in method strptime of type object at 0x...	.day	26
5	.time	16:00:00	.dst	None
6	.timestamp	1637913600.0	.fold	0
7	.timetuple	(2021, 11, 26, 16, 0, 0, 4, 330, -1)	.fromisoformat	<built-in method fromisoformat of type object ...
8	.timetz	16:00:00	.fromordinal	<built-in method fromordinal of type object at...
9	.today	2021-11-26 16:12:50.397239	.fromtimestamp	<built-in method fromtimestamp of type object ...
10	.toordinal	738120	.hour	16
11	.tzinfo	None	.isocalendar	(2021, 47, 5)
12	.tzname	None	.isoformat	2021-11-26T16:00:00
13	.utcfromtimestamp	<built-in method utcfromtimestamp of type obje...	.isoweekday	5
14	.utcnow	2021-11-26 08:12:50.397239	.max	9999-12-31 23:59:59.999999
15	.utcoffset	None	.microsecond	0
16	.utctimetuple	(2021, 11, 26, 16, 0, 0, 4, 330, 0)	.min	0001-01-01 00:00:00
17	.weekday	4	.minute	0
18	.year	2021	.month	11
19	.now	2021-11-26 16:12:50.396240

datetime.timedelta

timedelta类是用来计算二个datetime对象的差值的。

创建对象:datetime.timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)

返回对象实例：datetime.timedelta(days=, seconds=, microseconds=)

使用timedelta你可以很容易地算出前几天和后几天的时刻。

a=datetime.datetime.now()
b=datetime.datetime.now()
a-b
print(a-b)

datetime.timedelta(0)

0:00:00

datetime.timedelta(1,1,1)#

datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1, microseconds=1)

from datetime import datetime, timedelta
now = datetime.now()
now + timedelta(hours=10)
now - timedelta(days=1)
now + timedelta(days=2, hours=12)

datetime.datetime(2021, 11, 27, 3, 50, 0, 384591)

datetime.datetime(2021, 11, 25, 17, 50, 0, 384591)

datetime.datetime(2021, 11, 29, 5, 50, 0, 384591)

def timedelta_atr_and_met(days,seconds,microseconds):
    import datetime
    timedelta=datetime.timedelta(days,seconds,microseconds)
    atr=[i for i in dir(timedelta) if i[0]!='_']
    l=[]
    for i in atr:
        try:
            a=eval('timedelta.'+i+'()')
        except:
            try:
                a=eval('timedelta.'+i)
            except:
                a="pass"
        l.append(['.'+i,a])
    return l
pd.DataFrame(timedelta_atr_and_met(2,42,300),columns=['方法或属性','实例'])

	方法或属性	实例
0	.days	2
1	.max	999999999 days, 23:59:59.999999
2	.microseconds	300
3	.min	-999999999 days, 0:00:00
4	.resolution	0:00:00.000001
5	.seconds	42
6	.total_seconds	172842.0003

datetime.timezone

创建时区

The timezone class is a subclass of tzinfo, each instance of which represents a timezone defined by a fixed offset from UTC. timezone类时tzinfo类的子类，每一个实例对象代表了与utc时间的固定偏移

Objects of this class cannot be used to represent timezone information in the locations where different offsets are used in different days of the year or where historical changes have been made to civil time.

class datetime.timezone(offset, name=None)

The offset argument must be specified as a timedelta object representing the difference between the local time and UTC. It must be strictly between -timedelta(hours=24) and timedelta(hours=24), otherwise ValueError is raised.

offset必须是一个timedelta对象，代表了与utc时间的偏移，范围为-timedelta(hours=24) 到 timedelta(hours=24)

The name argument is optional. If specified it must be a string that will be used as the value returned by the datetime.tzname() method.

name可以不给，给了话必须是datetime.tzname()生成的对象

Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

timezone.utcoffset(dt)

Return the fixed value specified when the timezone instance is constructed.

当实例对象被创建后，返回固定值

The dt argument is ignored. The return value is a timedelta instance equal to the difference between the local time and UTC.

dt参数被忽略，返回值是一个timedelta对象，表示utc时间与本地时间的offset

Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

timezone.tzname(dt)

Return the fixed value specified when the timezone instance is constructed.

If name is not provided in the constructor, the name returned by tzname(dt) is generated from the value of the offset as follows. If offset is timedelta(0), the name is “UTC”, otherwise it is a string in the format UTC±HH:MM, where ± is the sign of offset, HH and MM are two digits of offset.hours and offset.minutes respectively.

Changed in version 3.6: Name generated from offset=timedelta(0) is now plain ‘UTC’, not ‘UTC+00:00’.

from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
dt=datetime.now()
tz=timezone(timedelta(hours=6))
tz
tz.tzname(dt)
tz.utc
tz.utcoffset(dt)

datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(seconds=21600))

'UTC+06:00'

datetime.timezone.utc

datetime.timedelta(seconds=21600)

时区的转换

时区转换的关键在于，拿到一个datetime时，要获知其正确的时区，然后强制设置时区，作为基准时间。

利用带时区的datetime，通过astimezone()方法，可以转换到任意时区。

不是必须从UTC+0:00时区转换到其他时区，任何带时区的datetime都可以正确转换，例如上述bj_dt到tokyo_dt的转换。
我们可以先通过utcnow()拿到当前的UTC时间，再转换为任意时区的时间

## 拿到UTC时间，并强制设置时区为UTC+0:00:
>>> utc_dt = datetime.utcnow()#并没有时区信息
>>> print(utc_dt)
>>> utc_dt = datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> print(utc_dt)
## astimezone()将转换时区为北京时间:
>>> bj_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=8)))
>>> print(bj_dt)
## astimezone()将转换时区为东京时间:
>>> tokyo_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=9)))
>>> print(tokyo_dt)
## astimezone()将bj_dt转换时区为东京时间:
>>> tokyo_dt2 = bj_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=9)))
>>> print(tokyo_dt2)

2021-11-26 10:56:22.270815
2021-11-26 10:56:22.271814+00:00
2021-11-26 18:56:22.271814+08:00
2021-11-26 19:56:22.271814+09:00
2021-11-26 19:56:22.271814+09:00

时间的类型

形式	实例
字符串形式	‘2021/11/26’,‘16:34:20’
timestamp时间戳	在计算机中，时间实际上是用数字表示的。我们把1970年1月1日 00:00:00 UTC+00:00时区的时刻称为epoch time，记为0（1970年以前的时间timestamp为负数），当前时间就是相对于epoch time的秒数，称为timestamp。你可以认为：`timestamp = 0 = 1970-1-1 00:00:00 UTC+0:00`,对应的北京时间是：`timestamp = 0 = 1970-1-1 08:00:00 UTC+8:00`
本地时间	本地时间是指当前操作系统设定的时区。例如北京时区是东8区，则本地时间：`2015-04-19 12:20:00`,实际上就是UTC+8:00时区的时间：`2015-04-19 12:20:00 UTC+8:00`,而此刻的格林威治标准时间与北京时间差了8小时，也就是UTC+0:00时区的时间应该是：`2015-04-19 04:20:00 UTC+0:00`
utc时间	具有时区信息，同一时间点不同的时区，时间点不同,通过在时间后面加 `UTC+`来表示,UTC时间指UTC+0:00时区的时间
datetime	datetime表示的时间需要时区信息才能确定一个特定的时间，否则只能视为本地时间。如果要存储datetime，最佳方法是将其转换为timestamp再存储，因为timestamp的值与时区完全无关.

时间类型的转化

str与datetime
- 字符串形式转化为datetime datetime.datetime.strptime('2015-6-1 18:19:59', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
  - 只有datetime对象有该方法
  - 注意转换后的datetime是没有时区信息的。
- datetime对象转化为字符串 datetime.datetime().strftime('%a, %b %d %H:%M')
  - date对象和time对象也有该方法
  - 如果你想将时间对象转化为字符串对象的话，可以用到__format__(…)方法以指定格式进行时间输出：
```
  >>> a = datetime.time(12,20,59,899)
  >>> a.__format__('%H:%M:%S')
  '12:20:59'
```
转换格式

符号	说明
%y	两位数的年份表示（00-99）
%Y	四位数的年份表示（000-9999）
%m	月份（01-12）
%d	月内中的一天（0-31）
%H	24小时制小时数（0-23）
%I	12小时制小时数（01-12）
%M	分钟数（00=59）
%S	秒（00-59）
%a	本地简化星期名称
%A	本地完整星期名称
%b	本地简化的月份名称
%B	本地完整的月份名称
%c	本地相应的日期表示和时间表示
%j	年内的一天（001-366）
%p	本地A.M.或P.M.的等价符
%U	一年中的星期数（00-53）星期天为星期的开始
%w	星期（0-6），星期天为星期的开始
%W	一年中的星期数（00-53）星期一为星期的开始
%x	本地相应的日期表示
%X	本地相应的时间表示
%Z	当前时区的名称
%%	%号本身

timestamp与datetime
- datetime 转化为timestamp datetime.datetime.timestamp()
- timestamp 转化为 datetime
  - 本地时间的datetime: datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(t)
  - UTC时间的datetime: datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(t)

本地时间与utc时间

本地时间转换为utc时间:一个datetime类型有一个时区属性tzinfo，但是默认为None，所以无法区分这个datetime到底是哪个时区，除非强行给datetime设置一个时区.需要自己创建时区对象，然后赋值给datetime对象

  from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
  tz_utc_8 = timezone(timedelta(hours=8)) # 创建时区UTC+8:00
  now = datetime.now()
  now
  #datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 18, 17, 2, 10, 871012)
  dt = now.replace(tzinfo=tz_utc_8) # 强制设置为UTC+8:00
  dt
  #datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 18, 17, 2, 10, 871012, tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(0, 28800)))
  #如果系统时区恰好是UTC+8:00，那么上述代码就是正确的，否则，不能强制设置为UTC+8:00时区。

from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
tz_utc_8 = timezone(timedelta(hours=10)) # 创建时区UTC+10:00
now = datetime.now()
##datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 18, 17, 2, 10, 871012)
dt = now.replace(tzinfo=tz_utc_8) # 强制设置为UTC+10:00
dt
##datetime.datetime(2015, 5, 18, 17, 2, 10, 871012, tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(0, 28800)))
##如果系统时区恰好是UTC+8:00，那么上述代码就是正确的，否则，不能强制设置为UTC+8:00时区。

datetime.datetime(2021, 11, 26, 18, 6, 6, 638669)

datetime.datetime(2021, 11, 26, 18, 6, 6, 638669, tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(seconds=36000)))

日期的比较

##加减
a=datetime.now()
b=datetime(2021,12,3,15,43,20)
a-b
##比较大小
a.__eq__(b)
a.__ne__(b)
a.__le__(b)
a.__lt__(b)
a.__ge__(b)
a.__gt__(b)

datetime.timedelta(days=-7, seconds=10923, microseconds=860522)

False

True

True

True

False

False

time

什么是时间元组？

很多Python函数用一个元组装起来的9组数字处理时间:

序号	字段	值
0	4位数年	2008
1	月	1 到 12
2	日	1到31
3	小时	0到23
4	分钟	0到59
5	秒	0到61 (60或61 是闰秒)
6	一周的第几日	0到6 (0是周一)
7	一年的第几日	1到366 (儒略历)
8	夏令时	-1, 0, 1。-1是决定是否为夏令时的旗帜

上述也就是struct_time元组。这种结构具有如下属性：

序号	属性	值
0	tm_year	2008
1	tm_mon	1 到 12
2	tm_mday	1 到 31
3	tm_hour	0 到 23
4	tm_min	0 到 59
5	tm_sec	0 到 61 (60或61 是闰秒)
6	tm_wday	0到6 (0是周一)
7	tm_yday	1 到 366(儒略历)
8	tm_isdst	-1, 0, 1。 -1是决定是否为夏令时的旗帜

时间元组与timestamp的转化

From	To	Use
seconds since the epoch	struct_time in UTC	time.gmtime()
seconds since the epoch	struct_time in local time	time.localtime()
struct_time in UTC	seconds since the epoch	calendar.timegm()
struct_time in local time	seconds since the epoch	time.mktime()

方法	解释
time.localtime([secs])	将一个时间戳转换为当前时区的struct_time。secs参数未提供，则以当前时间为准。
time.gmtime([secs])	和localtime()方法类似，gmtime()方法是将一个时间戳转换为UTC时区（0时区）的struct_time。
time.time()	返回当前时间的时间戳。
time.mktime(t)	将一个本地时间的struct_time转化为时间戳。
time.sleep(secs)	线程推迟指定的时间运行。单位为秒。
time.clock()	这个需要注意，在不同的系统上含义不同。在UNIX系统上，它返回的是“进程时间”，它是用秒表示的浮点数（时间戳）。而在WINDOWS中，第一次调用，返回的是进程运行的实际时间。而第二次之后的调用是自第一次调用以后到现在的运行时间。（实际上是以WIN32上QueryPerformanceCounter()为基础，它比毫秒表示更为精确）
time.asctime([t])	把一个表示时间的元组或者struct_time表示为这种形式：‘Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993’。如果没有参数，将会将time.localtime()作为参数传入。
time.ctime([secs])	把一个时间戳（按秒计算的浮点数）转化为time.asctime()的形式。如果参数未给或者为None的时候，将会默认time.time()为参数。它的作用相当于time.asctime(time.localtime(secs))。
time.strftime(format[, t])	把一个代表时间的元组或者struct_time（如由time.localtime()和time.gmtime()返回）转化为格式化的时间字符串。如果t未指定，将传入time.localtime()。如果元组中任何一个元素越界，ValueError的错误将会被抛出。
time.strptime(string[, format])	把一个格式化时间字符串转化为struct_time。实际上它和strftime()是逆操作。当使用strptime()函数时，只有当在这年中的周数和天数被确定的时候%U和%W才会被计算。
两个重要属性
time.timezone	time.timezone是当地时区（未启动夏令时）距离格林威治的偏移秒数（>0，美洲<=0大部分欧洲，亚洲，非洲）。
time.tzname	time.tzname包含一对根据情况的不同而不同的字符串，分别是带夏令时的本地时区名称，和不带的。

import time

calendar

日历（Calendar）模块

此模块的函数都是日历相关的，例如打印某月的字符月历。

星期一是默认的每周第一天，星期天是默认的最后一天。更改设置需调用calendar.setfirstweekday()函数。模块包含了以下内置函数：

序号	函数及描述
calendar.calendar(year,w=2,l=1,c=6)	返回一个多行字符串格式的year年年历，3个月一行，间隔距离为c。每日宽度间隔为w字符。每行长度为21* W+18+2* C。l是每星期行数。
calendar.firstweekday( )	返回当前每周起始日期的设置。默认情况下，首次载入 calendar 模块时返回 0，即星期一。
calendar.isleap(year)	是闰年返回 True，否则为 False。
calendar.leapdays(y1,y2)	返回在Y1，Y2两年之间的闰年总数。
calendar.month(year,month,w=2,l=1)	返回一个多行字符串格式的year年month月日历，两行标题，一周一行。每日宽度间隔为w字符。每行的长度为7* w+6。l是每星期的行数。
calendar.monthcalendar(year,month)	返回一个整数的单层嵌套列表。每个子列表装载代表一个星期的整数。Year年month月外的日期都设为0;范围内的日子都由该月第几日表示，从1开始。
calendar.monthrange(year,month)	返回两个整数。第一个是该月的星期几的日期码，第二个是该月的日期码。日从0（星期一）到6（星期日）;月从1到12。
calendar.prcal(year,w=2,l=1,c=6)	相当于 print calendar.calendar(year,w=2,l=1,c=6)。
calendar.prmonth(year,month,w=2,l=1)	相当于 print calendar.month(year,month,w=2,l=1) 。
calendar.setfirstweekday(weekday)	设置每周的起始日期码。0（星期一）到6（星期日）。
calendar.timegm(tupletime)和time.gmtime相反	接受一个时间元组形式，返回该时刻的时间戳（1970纪元后经过的浮点秒数）。
calendar.weekday(year,month,day)	返回给定日期的日期码。0（星期一）到6（星期日）。月份为 1（一月）到 12（12月）。

import calendar
print(calendar.calendar(2021))

                                  2021

      January                   February                   March
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
             1  2  3       1  2  3  4  5  6  7       1  2  3  4  5  6  7
 4  5  6  7  8  9 10       8  9 10 11 12 13 14       8  9 10 11 12 13 14
11 12 13 14 15 16 17      15 16 17 18 19 20 21      15 16 17 18 19 20 21
18 19 20 21 22 23 24      22 23 24 25 26 27 28      22 23 24 25 26 27 28
25 26 27 28 29 30 31                                29 30 31

       April                      May                       June
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
          1  2  3  4                      1  2          1  2  3  4  5  6
 5  6  7  8  9 10 11       3  4  5  6  7  8  9       7  8  9 10 11 12 13
12 13 14 15 16 17 18      10 11 12 13 14 15 16      14 15 16 17 18 19 20
19 20 21 22 23 24 25      17 18 19 20 21 22 23      21 22 23 24 25 26 27
26 27 28 29 30            24 25 26 27 28 29 30      28 29 30
                          31

        July                     August                  September
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
          1  2  3  4                         1             1  2  3  4  5
 5  6  7  8  9 10 11       2  3  4  5  6  7  8       6  7  8  9 10 11 12
12 13 14 15 16 17 18       9 10 11 12 13 14 15      13 14 15 16 17 18 19
19 20 21 22 23 24 25      16 17 18 19 20 21 22      20 21 22 23 24 25 26
26 27 28 29 30 31         23 24 25 26 27 28 29      27 28 29 30
                          30 31

      October                   November                  December
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su      Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
             1  2  3       1  2  3  4  5  6  7             1  2  3  4  5
 4  5  6  7  8  9 10       8  9 10 11 12 13 14       6  7  8  9 10 11 12
11 12 13 14 15 16 17      15 16 17 18 19 20 21      13 14 15 16 17 18 19
18 19 20 21 22 23 24      22 23 24 25 26 27 28      20 21 22 23 24 25 26
25 26 27 28 29 30 31      29 30                     27 28 29 30 31

数据压缩

以下模块直接支持通用的数据打包和压缩格式：zlib，gzip，bz2，zipfile，以及 tarfile。

性能度量 timeit

有些用户对了解解决同一问题的不同方法之间的性能差异很感兴趣。Python 提供了一个度量工具，为这些问题提供了直接答案。

例如，使用元组封装和拆封来交换元素看起来要比使用传统的方法要诱人的多,timeit 证明了现代的方法更快一些。

>>> import timeit
>>> timeit.timeit('"-".join(str(n) for n in range(100))', number=10000)
>>> timeit.timeit('"-".join([str(n) for n in range(100)])', number=10000)
>>> timeit.timeit('"-".join(map(str, range(100)))', number=10000)

0.574813199986238

0.5708962000207976

0.3446741999941878

##timeit.timeit('')
timeit.repeat('"-".join(str(n) for n in range(100))',repeat=5,number=10000)#

[0.647509300004458,
 0.6230467000277713,
 0.569728300004499,
 0.5259624000173062,
 0.7396067999943625]

测试模块

开发高质量软件的方法之一是为每一个函数开发测试代码，并且在开发过程中经常进行测试

doctest

doctest模块提供了一个工具，扫描模块并根据程序中内嵌的文档字符串执行测试。

测试构造如同简单的将它的输出结果剪切并粘贴到文档字符串中。

通过用户提供的例子，它强化了文档，允许 doctest 模块确认代码的结果是否与文档一致:

unittest

unittest模块不像 doctest模块那么容易使用，不过它可以在一个独立的文件里提供一个更全面的测试集:

decimal

用于精确控制运算精度和有效位数和四舍五入操作的10进制运算

logging

提供了灵活的记录事件，错误，警告和调试信息等日志信息的功能

参考

最近更新于 1月 1, 0001